In recent years, the exponential proliferation of conventional vehicles has given rise to pressing concerns related to excessive energy consumption and environmental degradation. Consequently, there has been a substantial upswing in awareness regarding the detrimental impact of traditional vehicles on both energy resources and the environment. In response, there has been a concerted effort to promote the development of new energy vehicles that prioritize safety, cleanliness, and efficiency. Among the various technologies fueling the ascent of new energy vehicles, lithium batteries have garnered extensive adoption. Their allure stems from characteristics like high energy density, exceptional charge-discharge performance, lightweight construction, prolonged lifespan, and environmentally friendly attributes. This paradigm shift toward new energy vehicles has underscored the crucial role of the Battery Management System (BMS), as referenced in [3]. The BMS stands as a pivotal component charged with the continuous monitoring of a battery pack's voltage, current, and temperature, as elaborated in [1]. Its principal mission is to forestall potential issues, including overcharging, over-discharging, overcurrent, and overheating during the charging and discharging processes. The paramount objective is to ensure the secure operation of lithium batteries while optimizing the battery pack's efficiency and enhancing battery longevity.
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