Synthetic coagulants and flocculants, including aluminium sulphate, iron chloride, polyacrylamide, and polyaluminium chloride, are widely utilized in water treatment processes due to their effectiveness. However, their use often leads to the production of metal-contaminated sludge and residual aluminium and iron in treated water, posing potential health risks such as Alzheimer's disease and certain cancers. In response to these concerns, alternative coagulation and flocculation agents derived from plant extracts have emerged as promising alternatives. Plants such as Moringa oleifera, Hibiscus esculentus (Okra), Strychnos potatorum, and Bridelia Ferruginea have demonstrated significant potential in serving as natural coagulants and flocculants, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to water treatment. This paper provides an overview of the effectiveness and potential health implications of synthetic coagulants and flocculants, as well as the emerging use of plant extracts as alternative treatment agents. By synthesizing existing research and empirical evidence, it highlights the advantages and limitations of both approaches and underscores the importance of further exploration and development of natural coagulation and flocculation agents for safe and sustainable water treatment practices.