Copper ions, vital micronutrients in nature, play a crucial role in maintaining organismal homeostasis, from microorganisms to humans. In the human body, copper serves as an enzyme cofactor, influencing essential processes such as blood coagulation, hormone maturation, and energy metabolism. Additionally, copper actively engages in various biological pathways. However, the delicate balance of copper homeostasis can be disrupted, causing detrimental effects. Copper overload, for instance, leads to the aggregation of fatty acylated proteins and destabilizes Fe-S cluster proteins, resulting in protein-related stress and, ultimately, cellular demise. This cascade of events adversely impacts the proper functioning of multiple organs. Understanding the intricate role of copper in both maintaining health and causing harm is imperative. This study delves into the multifaceted aspects of copper ions in biological systems, shedding light on the mechanisms underlying their beneficial effects as micronutrients and the harmful consequences of copper overload.
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