Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children is a growing concern worldwide, marked by chronic fat accumulation in the liver, mainly affecting individuals under 18. This metabolic liver condition is closely linked to genetic susceptibility and insulin resistance. The NAFLD spectrum encompasses nonalcoholic simple fatty liver (NAFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and associated liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The prevalence of NAFLD in children has surged alongside the global rise in obesity and changes in dietary patterns. Recent research indicates that NAFLD affects around 3% to 10% of children worldwide. Obesity is a key risk factor, with NAFLD prevalence reaching as high as 70%-80% in obese children. Children with NAFLD are at a significantly higher risk of end-stage liver disease and mortality. Long-term studies reveal that children with NAFLD face a risk of death or liver transplantation 13.8 times higher than their peers without NAFLD. Compared to adults, children with NAFLD progress to steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis more rapidly, making early intervention and treatment vital to prevent complications. This pressing public health issue underscores the need for effective prevention and treatment strategies for pediatric NAFLD.
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